{"id":2919,"date":"2023-11-24T18:21:41","date_gmt":"2023-11-24T18:21:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/?page_id=2919"},"modified":"2025-03-13T14:16:45","modified_gmt":"2025-03-13T09:16:45","slug":"eagles-of-the-palearctic-abstracts-s2_382-387_bakka","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/en\/projects-and-plans\/eagles-of-the-palearctic\/eagles-of-the-palearctic-abstracts-s2_382-387_bakka\/","title":{"rendered":"The Problem of Electrocution of Birds on Power Lines and the Progress of its Solution in the Middle Volga Basin"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\tThird International Scientific and Practical Conference \u201cEagles of the Palearctic: Study and Conservation\u201d\n\t<\/h1>\n

\n\t\tRaptors Conservation. Suppl. 2. Proceedings of Conferences\n\t<\/h2>\n\t

The Problem of Electrocution of Birds on Power Lines and the Progress of its Solution in the Middle Volga Basin<\/h4>\nBakka S.V. (Nurgush State Nature Reserve, Kirov, Russia)<\/em>
\nKaryakin I.V. (Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network; Sibecocenter LLC, Novosibirsk, Russia)<\/em>
\nKiseleva N.Yu. (Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia)<\/em>\n
\nContact:<\/strong><\/em>
\nSergei Bakka\u00a0sopr_nn@mail.ru<\/a><\/em>
\nIgor Karyakin\u00a0Ikar_research@mail.ru<\/a><\/em>
\nNadezhda Kiseleva\u00a0sopr@dront.ru<\/a><\/em>
\nRecommended citation:<\/strong><\/em> Bakka S.V., Karyakin I.V., Kiseleva N.Y.\u00a0<\/i>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u043d\u0430 \u041b\u042d\u041f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0435\u0451 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0438. — \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. 2023. \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0432\u044b\u043f. 2. \u0421. 382-387. DOI:<\/strong>\u00a010.19074\/1814-8654-2023-2-382-387\u00a0URL:<\/strong>\u00a0http:\/\/rrrcn.ru\/en\/archives\/35151<\/a>\n
\n

\u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f — \u043e\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u00ab\u041f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u041b\u042d\u041f\u00bb \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u044f. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 80 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043c \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u043d\u0430 \u041b\u042d\u041f \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044f\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 30 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0421\u041c\u0418.<\/p>\n

Isolated cases of bird deaths on PLs appear in scientific press and publications in the last quarter of the 20th century. The essay by V.M. Peskov \u201cBirds on Wires\u201d (1982) played an important role in understanding of the problem scale and drew the attention of local experts to it.<\/p>\n

All requirements necessary to ensure the protection of birds from deaths on PLs have been laid down in the regulatory framework in 1995\u20131996 already. Federal Law \u201cOn the Fauna\u201d (1995) fixed the obligation of legal entities and citizens to prevent the death of wildlife when operating communication and power lines (Article 28). In 1996, Government Decree of the Russian Federation dated August 13, 1996, N 997 \u201cOn approval of the requirements for the prevention of wildlife mortality in the implementation of manufacturing processes, as well as in the operation of transport routes, pipelines, communication lines and power lines\u201d was issued, which required the use of bird protection devices (BPD) when operating PLs. The Methodology for assessing harm and calculating the extent of damage from the destruction of wildlife and their habitat was approved in 2000, which created an economic mechanism for influencing PL owners.<\/p>\n

\u041a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u00ab\u041f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u041b\u042d\u041f\u00bb \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0410.\u0412. \u0421\u0430\u043b\u0442\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0412 1999 \u0433. \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u043d\u0430 \u041b\u042d\u041f, \u0432 2000 \u0433. — \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e \u00ab\u041e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u00bb, \u0432 2003 \u0433. — \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u043d\u0430 \u041b\u042d\u041f \u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Analysis of the dynamics of the number of scientific publications on the \u201cBirds and power lines\u201d problem in the Volga region and their authors in 2000\u20132023 showed a rapid increase in attention to this problem in 2005\u20132014; in the last decade, publishing activity has been slowly declining (Table 1). In the early 2000s, researchers mainly focused their attention on assessing the extent of bird mortality on PLs in specific regions. It was shown, for example, that in the Volga region even common raptor species mortality (such as Common Buzzard\u00a0Buteo buteo<\/i>) \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u041b\u042d\u041f — \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440. \u041f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0417\u0423.<\/p>\n

\u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c (\u0410.\u0412. \u0421\u0430\u043b\u0442\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 — \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u00ab\u041f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u041b\u042d\u041f\u00bb \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0410.\u0418. \u041c\u0430\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0420.\u0425. \u0411\u0435\u043a\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432 — \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e).<\/p>\n

Table 1.<\/strong>\u00a0\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u00ab\u041f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u041b\u042d\u041f\u00bb \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 2000-2023 \u0433\u0433.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Period, years<\/strong><\/td>\nNumber of scientific publications<\/strong><\/td>\nNumber of authors<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2000-2004<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2005-2009<\/td>\n13<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2010-2014<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2015-2019<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2020-2023<\/td>\n14<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Experimental BPDs made of plastic bottles were first installed on PL sections that are the most dangerous for birds in the early 2000s in Ulyanovsk region under the direction of A.V. Saltykov. They turned out to be cheap, quite effective, and durable, working up to 10 years. By 2006\u20132010 industrial BPDs were developed and manufactured, and since then, mass supply of industrial BPDs have become available for consumers.<\/p>\n

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\u0412 2020-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0417\u0423 \u041b\u042d\u041f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0410\u041e \u00ab\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044c-\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0412\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u00bb: \u0432 2020 \u0433. \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 22 \u0442\u044b\u0441. \u041f\u0417\u0423 \u0432 \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0420\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u042d\u043b, \u0432 2021 \u0433. — \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 10 \u0442\u044b\u0441. \u0432 \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 18 \u043a\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c 6-10 \u043a\u0412 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434.<\/p>\n

In 2019, \u201cGazprom Transgaz Nizhny Novgorod\u201d LLC installed 1,810 BPDs in the Chuvash Republic under a court order (based on 2018 audit by the Cheboksary Interdistrict Environmental Prosecutor\u2019s Office). In 2020, the transport prosecutor filed a claim to the Zheleznodorozhny District Court of Ulyanovsk, following the audit by the Ulyanovsk transport prosecutor\u2019s office investigating deaths of rare bird species on PLs at railway transport facilities. The court ordered \u201cRussian Railways\u201d JSC to equip overhead PLs belonging to the Ulyanovsk power supply distance with BPDs.<\/p>\n

Some of the actions covered by media and used by energy sector in reports and PR campaigns raise doubts in their expediency and focus on preventing bird deaths. For example, \u201cFederal Grid Company of Unified Energy System\u201d (\u201cFederal Grid Company of Unified Energy System\u201d PJSC) reported in the media that in 2021 they installed BPDs on 220\u2013500 kV PLs (minimally hazardous to birds), ensuring the power transmission from Zhigulevskaya HPP, Balakovo NPP, Saratovskaya HPP, Cheboksarskaya HPP, Iriklinskaya GRES into power grids of the nine regions of the Volga Federal District with a population of 14 million people.<\/p>\n

Large companies (\u201cGazprom Transgaz Nizhny Novgorod\u201d LLC, \u201cTransneft \u2013 Upper Volga\u201d JSC, \u201cUlyanovsk Distribution Grids\u201d, etc.) are most active in solving the \u201cBirds and power lines\u201d problem as they have equipped most of their PLs with efficient BPDs.<\/p>\n

However, many PLs belonging to different owners have not yet been equipped with BPDs. The current objective is to provide BPDs for PLs owned by mobile operators. Thus, despite notable progress in solving the problem, it is far from being resolved. Serious efforts, a new stage of research, and practical actions are required.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

The cap of a 10 kV power line support with insulating bird protection devices. Photo by R. Bekmansurov.<\/p><\/div>\n

","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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(\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"parent":2069,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2919","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n\u041f\u0420\u041e\u0411\u041b\u0415\u041c\u0410 \u0413\u0418\u0411\u0415\u041b\u0418 \u041f\u0422\u0418\u0426 \u041d\u0410 \u041b\u042d\u041f \u0418 \u041f\u0420\u041e\u0413\u0420\u0415\u0421\u0421 \u0415\u0401 \u0420\u0415\u0428\u0415\u041d\u0418\u042f \u0412 \u0411\u0410\u0421\u0421\u0415\u0419\u041d\u0415 \u0421\u0420\u0415\u0414\u041d\u0415\u0419 \u0412\u041e\u041b\u0413\u0418 - BRCC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/en\/projects-and-plans\/eagles-of-the-palearctic\/eagles-of-the-palearctic-abstracts-s2_382-387_bakka\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u041f\u0420\u041e\u0411\u041b\u0415\u041c\u0410 \u0413\u0418\u0411\u0415\u041b\u0418 \u041f\u0422\u0418\u0426 \u041d\u0410 \u041b\u042d\u041f \u0418 \u041f\u0420\u041e\u0413\u0420\u0415\u0421\u0421 \u0415\u0401 \u0420\u0415\u0428\u0415\u041d\u0418\u042f \u0412 \u0411\u0410\u0421\u0421\u0415\u0419\u041d\u0415 \u0421\u0420\u0415\u0414\u041d\u0415\u0419 \u0412\u041e\u041b\u0413\u0418 - BRCC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"III \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041e\u0440\u043b\u044b \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a 2. \u0422\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u044b \u041f\u0420\u041e\u0411\u041b\u0415\u041c\u0410 \u0413\u0418\u0411\u0415\u041b\u0418 \u041f\u0422\u0418\u0426 \u041d\u0410 \u041b\u042d\u041f \u0418 \u041f\u0420\u041e\u0413\u0420\u0415\u0421\u0421 \u0415\u0401 \u0420\u0415\u0428\u0415\u041d\u0418\u042f \u0412 \u0411\u0410\u0421\u0421\u0415\u0419\u041d\u0415 \u0421\u0420\u0415\u0414\u041d\u0415\u0419 \u0412\u041e\u041b\u0413\u0418 \u0411\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430 \u0421.\u0412. 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