{"id":2809,"date":"2023-11-23T07:43:36","date_gmt":"2023-11-23T07:43:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/?page_id=2809"},"modified":"2025-03-13T14:06:23","modified_gmt":"2025-03-13T09:06:23","slug":"eagles-of-the-palearctic-abstracts-s2_290-294_demerdzhiev","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/en\/projects-and-plans\/eagles-of-the-palearctic\/eagles-of-the-palearctic-abstracts-s2_290-294_demerdzhiev\/","title":{"rendered":"Grassland Alterations Do Not Affect Breeding Success, But Lead to Dietary Shifts of Eastern Imperial Eagle, a Top Predator: a Case of Successful Adaptation"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>\n\t\tThird International Scientific and Practical Conference \u201cEagles of the Palearctic: Study and Conservation\u201d\n\t<\/h1>\n<h2>\n\t\tRaptors Conservation. Suppl. 2. Proceedings of Conferences\n\t<\/h2>\n\t<h4>Grassland Alterations Do Not Affect Breeding Success, But Lead to Dietary Shifts of Eastern Imperial Eagle, a Top Predator: a Case of Successful Adaptation<\/h4>\n<em>Demerdzhiev D.A. (Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds \/ Birdlife Bulgaria, Plovdiv;\nNational Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology, Sofia, Bulgaria)<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Dobrev D.D. (Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds \/ Birdlife Bulgaria, Plovdiv, Bulgaria)<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Boev Z.N. (Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds \/ Birdlife Bulgaria, Plovdiv; National\nMuseum of Natural History, Department of Zoology, Sofia, Bulgaria)<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Nedyalkov N.P. (National Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology, Sofia, Bulgaria)<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Delchev A.G., Stoychev S.A., Petrov T.H. (Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds \/ Birdlife Bulgaria, Plovdiv, Bulgaria)<\/em>\n<hr \/>\n<em><strong>Contact:<\/strong><\/em><br \/>\n<em>Dimitar Demerdzhiev <a href=\"mailto:dimitar.demerdzhiev@gmail.com\">dimitar.demerdzhiev@gmail.com<\/a><\/em><br \/>\n<em>Dobromir Dobrev <a href=\"mailto:dobromir.dobrev@bspb.org\">dobromir.dobrev@bspb.org<\/a><\/em><br \/>\n<em>Zlatozar Boev\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:zlatozarboev@gmail.com\">zlatozarboev@gmail.com<\/a><\/em><br \/>\n<em>Nedko Nedyalkov\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:nnedko@gmail.com\">nnedko@gmail.com<\/a><\/em><br \/>\n<em>Atanas Delchev\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:atanas.delchev@bspb.org\">atanas.delchev@bspb.org<\/a><\/em><br \/>\n<em>Stoycho Stoychev <a href=\"mailto:stoycho.stoychev@bspb.org\">stoycho.stoychev@bspb.org<\/a><\/em><br \/>\n<em>Tseno Petrov\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:petrow_ts@abv.bg\">petrow_ts@abv.bg<\/a><\/em><br \/>\n<em><strong>Recommended citation:<\/strong><\/em> <i>Demerdzhiev D.A., Dobrev D.D., Boev Z.N., Nedyalkov N.P., Delchev A.G., Stoychev S.A., Petrov T.H.\u00a0<\/i>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0449 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u043b\u0430-\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430: \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. &#8212; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. 2023. \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0432\u044b\u043f. 2. \u0421. 290-294.\u00a0<strong>DOI:<\/strong>\u00a010.19074\/1814-8654-2023-2-290-294\u00a0<strong>URL:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/rrrcn.ru\/en\/archives\/35092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/rrrcn.ru\/en\/archives\/35092<\/a>\n<hr \/>\n<p>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0449\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0412 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0449 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445: \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c.<\/p>\n<p>Understanding the adaptive capacity of top predators and how they respond to shifts in prey abundance and availability is crucial for their conservation. We investigated the diet pattern of the endangered Eastern Imperial Eagle (<i>Aquila heliaca<\/i>) facing long-term and large-scale changes. We studied the abundance variation of its profitable prey, European Souslik (<i>Spermophilus citellus<\/i>), and how it reflected on eagle population trajectories in a regional and temporal context. We found a significant diet alteration expressed in large decrease of brown hare (<i>\u03b2<\/i>2=- 0,83), \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b (<i>\u03b2<\/i>2\u00a0=-0,81), \u0447\u0430\u0435\u043a (<i>\u03b2<\/i>2=- 0,71) \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 (<i>\u03b2<\/i>=-0.57) and an obvious increase of northern white-breasted hedgehog (<i>\u03b2<\/i>2=0,61) \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0439 (<i>\u03b2<\/i>=0.60). Raptors, including owls, raised their share among the prey (<i>\u03b2<\/i>=0.44), but white stork and different reptiles supplied more biomass. Abundance of European souslik decreased through the studied periods (adjusted\u00a0<i>R<\/i>2=0,25,\u00a0<i>p<\/i>&lt;0.001), which accounted for the lower proportion of this prey in the eagle\u2019s diet. Nevertheless, the eagle population successfully adapted and significantly increased (<i>\u03b2<\/i>=0.97) in most of its distribution area. The trophic strategy used by this top predator related to opportunistic foraging represents an ecological advantage that allows the species to adapt to different habitats and guarantees its future.<\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043c\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u043b\u0430-\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u00bb (\u0434\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435), \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0449 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0440\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0417\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0449 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 25,79%. \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u043b\u0430-\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u043b\u044b \u0432 1,90 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u044e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0436\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 1,62 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 &#8212; \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0432 4,04 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0439\u0446\u0430-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432 0,51 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u044b\u0437\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u0432 0,54 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 &#8212; \u0432 0,64 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435. \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432 2,73 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0449.<\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">We found that the presence and biomass of songbirds and European Souslik correlated negatively with the breeding success of eagles, while the White Stork\u2019s (<i>Ciconia ciconia<\/i>) presence and biomass resulted in more progeny. Diet diversity did not have an effect on the eagle\u2019s reproductive success. The responses of the eagles may vary across territories, depending on how they rank their prey, as the territory effect was a powerful factor shaping dietary shifts for this top predator. Our results offer new evidence of the link between habitat alteration, dietary shifts, and reproductive success, contributing to our understanding of the enigmatic mechanism, through which an apex predator successfully adapts to large-scale land use pattern transformation by increasing dietary specialization. We recommend restoration of habitat complexity, including preservation of field margins, grassland patches with scattered small shrub formations, and grassland margins between medium-sized arable lands, promotion of measures for traditional grassland management through gradual grazing, and a ban on the use of shredders.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2402\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/\u0441\u0442\u0440248.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2402\" src=\"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/\u0441\u0442\u0440248-300x168.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2402\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eastern Imperial Eagle. Photo by M. Horvath.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_2404\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/\u0441\u0442\u0440250-\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2404\" src=\"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/\u0441\u0442\u0440250-\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445-300x152.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"152\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2404\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young Imperial Eagles. Photo by F. Imre.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_2405\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/\u0441\u0442\u0440250-\u043d\u0438\u0437.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/\u0441\u0442\u0440250-\u043d\u0438\u0437-300x172.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"172\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2405\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young Imperial Eagles. Photo by F. Imre.<\/p><\/div>\n<hr \/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>III \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041e\u0440\u043b\u044b \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a 2. \u0422\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0418\u0417\u041c\u0415\u041d\u0415\u041d\u0418\u042f \u0412 \u0421\u041e\u0421\u0422\u0410\u0412\u0415 \u041f\u0410\u0421\u0422\u0411\u0418\u0429 \u041d\u0415 \u0412\u041b\u0418\u042f\u042e\u0422 \u041d\u0410 \u0420\u0415\u041f\u0420\u041e\u0414\u0423\u041a\u0422\u0418\u0412\u041d\u042b\u0419 \u0423\u0421\u041f\u0415\u0425 \u0421\u0412\u0415\u0420\u0425\u0425\u0418\u0429\u041d\u0418\u041a\u0410 \u041e\u0420\u041b\u0410-\u041c\u041e\u0413\u0418\u041b\u042c\u041d\u0418\u041a\u0410, \u041d\u041e \u041f\u0420\u0418\u0412\u041e\u0414\u042f\u0422 \u041a \u0418\u0417\u041c\u0415\u041d\u0415\u041d\u0418\u042e \u0415\u0413\u041e \u0420\u0410\u0426\u0418\u041e\u041d\u0410: \u0421\u041b\u0423\u0427\u0410\u0419 \u0423\u0421\u041f\u0415\u0428\u041d\u041e\u0419 \u0410\u0414\u0410\u041f\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u0418 \u0414\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0414.\u0410. 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