{"id":2711,"date":"2023-11-19T15:20:59","date_gmt":"2023-11-19T15:20:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/?page_id=2711"},"modified":"2025-03-13T13:53:54","modified_gmt":"2025-03-13T08:53:54","slug":"eagles-of-the-palearctic-abstracts-s2_202-206_perevozov","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/en\/projects-and-plans\/eagles-of-the-palearctic\/eagles-of-the-palearctic-abstracts-s2_202-206_perevozov\/","title":{"rendered":"Migration of Birds of Prey Through The Western Caucasus in Autumn"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\tThird International Scientific and Practical Conference \u201cEagles of the Palearctic: Study and Conservation\u201d\n\t<\/h1>\n

\n\t\tRaptors Conservation. Suppl. 2. Proceedings of Conferences\n\t<\/h2>\n\t

Migration of Birds of Prey Through The Western Caucasus in Autumn<\/h4>\n

Perevozov A.G. (Caucasian State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Maykop, Russia)<\/em><\/p>\n

\nContact:<\/strong><\/em>
\nAlexander Perevozov\u00a0perevozov-kgz@mail.ru<\/a><\/em>
\nRecommended citation: <\/strong>Perevozov A.G.\u00a0<\/i><\/em>\u041c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434. — \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. 2023. \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0432\u044b\u043f. 2. \u0421. 202-206.\u00a0DOI:<\/strong>\u00a010.19074\/1814-8654-2023- 2-202-206\u00a0URL:<\/strong>\u00a0http:\/\/rrrcn.ru\/en\/archives\/35027<\/a>\n
\n

Research took place in the Caucasian Nature Reserve and its environs in 2006\u20132022 in periods from August to November during expeditions and at stations.<\/p>\n

\u041c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u044f \u041b\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0435. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0442. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0438 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u043f\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435 1800-3000 \u043c \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0443\u0440. \u043c. \u0421 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043d, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435 500-1700 \u043c \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0443\u0440. \u043c., \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e — \u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043c\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n

During autumn migration (August-November) from 2006 to 2022, 20,780 individuals of birds of prey belonging to 27 species were counted. Almost all of these species are migratory to some extent, with the exception of Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus<\/i>) (64 individuals counted) and Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos<\/i>) (18), both strictly sedentary. Even a portion of the Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus<\/i>) (54) and Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus<\/i>) (14) populations migrate and can occasionally be observed intentionally flying with flocks of Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo<\/i>) and Black Kites (Milvus migrans<\/i>).<\/p>\n

The most intensive migration was recorded in 2009 (11,685 individuals), 2021 (3,229), 2022 (2,213), and 2018 (1,378). In 2007 and 2014, no migration was observed. In 2008, 2015, and 2017, fewer than 100 individuals were counted. In other years, between 100 and 1,000 individuals were counted. Migration occurs in waves; the population peaks in clear weather immediately after prolonged rains and snowfalls, not uncommon events in the mountains in September and October. There is no guarantee of observing intensive migration every year, given that expeditions sometimes happen in adverse weather conditions. In those instances, we have occasionally seen the phenomenon of reverse migration, when birds flying along the river valley stumble upon an insurmountable veil of clouds and turn back.<\/p>\n

\u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u044e\u043a — 15630 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 10000 \u0443\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b 30.09.2009 \u0441 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e 12 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043d\u044f. 24.09.2009 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043e 700 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0439, \u0430 26.09.2009 — 900 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b 02.10.2016 (300 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0439); 27.09.2018 (410); 28.09.2018 (300); 29.09.2021 (750); 02.10.2022 (436). \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e — \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u044e\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u00a0B. b. vulpinus<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434 — \u0447\u0451\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0448\u0443\u043d. \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043e 3680 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 2063 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 2021 \u0438 1304 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0439 \u0432 2022 \u0433\u0433. \u041a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c 01.10.2011 (300 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0439); 29.09.2021 (410); 24.09.2021 (1500); 26.09.2022 (965); 02.10.2022 (280).<\/p>\n

\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434 — \u043e\u0431\u044b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434 (Pernis apivorus<\/em>). A total of 619 individuals were counted, of which 518 individuals were counted in 2018. They fly singly (n<\/i>=8) or in flocks (n<\/i>=22) up to 34 individuals, 15 individuals on average.<\/p>\n

105 Sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus<\/i>) individuals were counted. They fly singly or in pairs in clusters of other birds of prey or separately.<\/p>\n

An encounter of a cluster comprising roughly 100 Steppe Eagles (Aquila nipalensis<\/i>) on 10.06.2022 in the foothills was notable. Over the rest of that same period, only one individual was observed on 21.08.2018.<\/p>\n

The number of all other species totals fewer than 100 individuals over 17 years of observations: Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina<\/i>) — 93; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u043d\u044c (Circus aeruginosus<\/i>) — 78; \u043b\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u043d\u044c (Circus pygargus<\/i>) — 23; \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u043d\u044c (Circus macrourus<\/i>) — 20; \u043e\u0440\u0451\u043b-\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a (Hieraaetus pennatus<\/i>) — 13; \u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a (Accipiter gentilis<\/i>) — 13; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u043d\u044c (Circus cyaneus<\/i>) — 10. \u041c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 10 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0439 \u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d-\u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0445\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442 (Haliaeetus albicilla<\/i>), Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus<\/i>), Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga<\/i>), Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca<\/i>), Short-Toed Snake Eagle (Circaetus gallicus<\/i>), Osprey (Pandion haliaetus<\/i>), and Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni<\/i>).<\/p>\n

This is the phenology of migration in general terms: migration begins in mid-August with the appearance of European Honey Buzzards. Booted Eagles, Marsh and Montagu's Harriers, Black Kites and Common Buzzards fly sporadically in that same time frame. From mid-September to mid-October, Common Buzzards and Black Kites are at peak migration. In species such as Marsh Harrier, Black Kite, Common Buzzard, Sparrowhawk, Booted Eagle, Lesser Spotted Eagle, and Pallid Harrier, migration is extended over the entire autumn period. For European Honey Buzzards and Montagu's Harriers migration takes place over a short 1\u20132 week period.<\/p>\n

The results obtained indicate a large migratory flow of raptors passing through Western Caucasus in autumn. Our data cover only a small part of this flow \u2013 we censused for just 2\u20133 weeks of the 3-month fall migration, and only a small portion of migrating birds can be observed from a single point. By our estimates, over 100,000 raptors fly through the Caucasian Reserve in a single autumn season. To obtain more detailed and complete data, fixed site censuses must occur throughout the entire migration period, conducted by a research group working in shifts. The Malaya Laba River valley is clearly visible from the western slope of Mount Yatyrgvarta making it a potentially suitable location for a census station.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis<\/i>) on its migration through the North Caucasus. Photo by R. Bekmansurov.<\/p><\/div>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus<\/em>) — \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u0440\u0451\u043b-\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a (Hieraaetus pennatus<\/em>) bottom at the left, Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus<\/em>) and Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo<\/em>) — \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0448\u0443\u043d (Milvus migrans<\/em>) — \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0410. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430.<\/p><\/div>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Immature Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos<\/em>). Photo by A. Perevozov.<\/p><\/div>\n

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III \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041e\u0440\u043b\u044b \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a 2. \u0422\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u044b \u041c\u0418\u0413\u0420\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0425\u0418\u0429\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u041f\u0422\u0418\u0426 \u0427\u0415\u0420\u0415\u0417 \u0417\u0410\u041f\u0410\u0414\u041d\u042b\u0419 \u041a\u0410\u0412\u041a\u0410\u0417 \u0412 \u041e\u0421\u0415\u041d\u041d\u0418\u0419 \u041f\u0415\u0420\u0418\u041e\u0414 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0413. (\u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0425.\u0413. \u0428\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041c\u0430\u0439\u043a\u043e\u043f, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f) \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432\u00a0perevozov-kgz@mail.ru \u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0413.\u00a0\u041c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434. — \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"parent":2069,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2711","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n\u041c\u0418\u0413\u0420\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0425\u0418\u0429\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u041f\u0422\u0418\u0426 \u0427\u0415\u0420\u0415\u0417 \u0417\u0410\u041f\u0410\u0414\u041d\u042b\u0419 \u041a\u0410\u0412\u041a\u0410\u0417 \u0412 \u041e\u0421\u0415\u041d\u041d\u0418\u0419 \u041f\u0415\u0420\u0418\u041e\u0414 - BRCC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brcc.kz\/en\/projects-and-plans\/eagles-of-the-palearctic\/eagles-of-the-palearctic-abstracts-s2_202-206_perevozov\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u041c\u0418\u0413\u0420\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0425\u0418\u0429\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u041f\u0422\u0418\u0426 \u0427\u0415\u0420\u0415\u0417 \u0417\u0410\u041f\u0410\u0414\u041d\u042b\u0419 \u041a\u0410\u0412\u041a\u0410\u0417 \u0412 \u041e\u0421\u0415\u041d\u041d\u0418\u0419 \u041f\u0415\u0420\u0418\u041e\u0414 - BRCC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"III \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041e\u0440\u043b\u044b \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a 2. \u0422\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u044b \u041c\u0418\u0413\u0420\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0425\u0418\u0429\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u041f\u0422\u0418\u0426 \u0427\u0415\u0420\u0415\u0417 \u0417\u0410\u041f\u0410\u0414\u041d\u042b\u0419 \u041a\u0410\u0412\u041a\u0410\u0417 \u0412 \u041e\u0421\u0415\u041d\u041d\u0418\u0419 \u041f\u0415\u0420\u0418\u041e\u0414 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0413. 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